I started out as an economics major in college but soon realized that the discipline was based on totally unrealistic assumptions, so I switched to philosophy and literature. I started reading Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche with some of my roommates and then chose UC San Diego for graduate work because of its focus on what became known as “theory”—which was taught there by luminaries including Jameson, Lyotard, and Marin.
I have been researching the psycho-dynamics of markets and capitalism ever since, and have become convinced that rescuing markets from capital is the only way to save the planet from environmental catastrophe.
I wrote
Deleuze and Guattari's Anti-Oedipus: Introduction to Schizoanalysis
It took me a long time to figure out what Deleuze and Guattari were up to in this book, but it was well worth it: this book presents the most compelling interweaving ever of the thought of the 3 great materialists of the 19th century: Freud, Marx, and Nietzsche.
I have always been somewhat skeptical of psychoanalysis, but I really like the way the co-authors use Marx to historicize both Freud’s psychoanalysis of the family and Lacan’s psychoanalysis of language and then use Nietzsche to add a condemnation of ressentiment and ethics of joy to the Marxian critique.
An "introduction to the nonfascist life" (Michel Foucault, from the Preface)
When it first appeared in France, Anti-Oedipus was hailed as a masterpiece by some and "a work of heretical madness" by others. In it, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari set forth the following theory: Western society's innate herd instinct has allowed the government, the media, and even the principles of economics to take advantage of each person's unwillingness to be cut off from the group. What's more, those who suffer from mental disorders may not be insane, but could be individuals in the purest sense, because they are by…
This is a powerful rewriting of Freudian theory from one of the giants of the Frankfurt School, whom I was fortunate enough to study with at UC San Diego. Rather than accept “reality” as a given, Marcuse transforms Freud’s “reality-principle” into the “performance principle”–we perform far more work than reality itself requires because the capitalist system is profiting from our labor. We are thus subjected not just to repression but to surplus repression–which corresponds to the surplus value capitalists extract from our labor power and our purchasing power.
I was always intrigued but also perplexed by psychoanalysis, and this amazing book completely transformed my understanding of how the human psyche operates under capitalism.
Long before running into Norman O. Brown while on sabbatical leave at UC Santa Cruz, I was fascinated by this book’s attempt to re-assert the priority of psychology over the political economy and history by claiming that infants’ refusal to accept the limits of parental care creates separation-anxiety that causes the historical dynamic known as “progress.”
But it wasn’t until much later that Deleuze and Guattari’s claim that capitalism represses the death instinct provided an alternative explanation that rescued Brown’s insights for me by putting the explanation back in the realm of political economy and history–because dependence on the market produces separation anxiety, too.
Lasch’s critique of widespread culture-induced narcissism was recommended to me when it first came out by my mother, of all people. It hasn't held up well, but despite its one-sidedness, it still helped me understand the impact of capitalism on the Western psyche.
Although it covers some of the same ground as Richard Sennett’s earlier Fall of Public Man, I really benefited from the way it couched its critique in psychoanalytic terms, drawing on the work of respected analysts Heinz Kohut and Otto Kernberg.
When The Culture of Narcissism was first published in 1979, Christopher Lasch was hailed as a "biblical prophet" (Time). Lasch's identification of narcissism as not only an individual ailment but also a burgeoning social epidemic was ground-breaking. His diagnosis of American culture is even more relevant today, predicting the limitless expansion of the anxious and grasping narcissistic self into every part of American life.
Malcolm’s book is as one-sided as Lasch’s, but for me, it was a breath of fresh air because it considers narcissism to be a positive rather than a negative cultural development.
It, too, couches its explanation of widespread narcissism in psychoanalytic terms, which I consider a plus. However, in addition to being one-sided, the way it considers an entire generation to be narcissistic bothered me as an overgeneralization.
Deleuze and Guattari’s Anti-Oedipus is widely recognized as one of the most influential and difficult texts in political philosophy to appear in the last fifty years. It presents a devastating critique of orthodox psychoanalysis, rewritten as a revolutionary social theory.
Holland’s Introduction to Schizoanalysis provides an exceptionally clear and comprehensive guide to this most challenging of texts. It lucidly presents the theoretical concerns behind Anti-Oedipus and explores with probing clarity the diverse influences of Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, Kant, and Lacan on the development of Deleuze and Guattari’s complex thinking. It also explains the significance of their earlier work and examines the wider implications of schizoanalysis for revitalizing Marxism, environmentalism, feminism, and cultural studies.
